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The ongoing monsoon session of Parliament in 2025 has brought to the forefront the challenges faced by Indian students pursuing education in the United States, specifically concerning stricter visa rules and their impact. The Indian government is under pressure to engage in diplomatic dialogue with the US to address the concerns of affected students and safeguard their interests. With approximately 400,000 Indian students currently studying in the US and around 100,000 receiving F-1 study visas annually, the issue is of significant national importance. Questions have been raised in Parliament regarding the number of Indian students studying in the US and the number of student visas issued over the past five years. Concerns also extend to recent restrictions imposed by US authorities on issuing student visas and limitations placed on institutions like Harvard regarding the admission of foreign students. The government's response, presented in the Lok Sabha, provided data from the US Department of Homeland Security, indicating that 372,424 Indian nationals are pursuing various educational programs in the US. Data from the US Department of State revealed the number of student visas issued to Indian nationals over the past five years: 2019-20 (20,628), 2020-21 (85,385), 2021-22 (126,431), 2022-23 (143,811), and 2023-24 (99,169). This data showcases a fluctuating trend in student visa issuance, highlighting the potential instability faced by Indian students aspiring to study in the US. In April 2025, a significant number of international students in the US encountered a situation where their SEVIS (Student and Exchange Visitor Information System) records were terminated, leading to visa revocations and the threat of deportation proceedings. The Indian Embassy and Consulates in the US received numerous representations from Indian students regarding these issues. Some students were even advised to self-deport, with the hope of returning legally to the US in the future. This situation sparked legal battles, with students filing lawsuits against the US government, alleging denial of due process and unlawful terminations. However, in early May 2025, a policy reversal occurred, and the US government reinstated thousands of visas for international students and recent graduates whose legal status had been abruptly revoked, offering temporary relief to many affected students. Despite this, the US administration has signaled plans to introduce a new policy framework for visa terminations, potentially expanding revocation grounds to include participation in political protests or actions perceived as hostile to the administration. This uncertainty continues to affect the international student community and may have lasting impacts on those considering studying in the US. The US Embassy in New Delhi issued an advisory in June 2025, clarifying that the grant of a student visa does not guarantee the continued stay of the student in the United States. Post-approval visa monitoring continues, and rule-breaking can lead to revocation and deportation. Examples of such rule-breaking include skipping classes, leaving the course without notifying the institution, minor infractions (driving without a license, DUI, speeding, parking violations), engaging in political activism or protests, and overstaying the visa validity. On June 18, 2025, the US Department of State announced expanded screening and vetting for visa applicants, utilizing all available information to identify applicants who pose a threat to US national security. Under the new guidance, comprehensive vetting, including online presence, will be conducted for all student and exchange visitor applicants. This requires applicants to adjust their social media privacy settings to “public.” The US emphasizes that every visa adjudication is a national security decision, requiring applicants to credibly establish their eligibility and intent to engage in activities consistent with the terms of their admission. The Indian government clarified that visa issuance and related policies are the sovereign prerogative of the concerned state. However, the Government of India has been regularly raising issues faced by Indian students with US authorities at various levels. The Ministry of External Affairs continues to engage with relevant US authorities to promote mutually advantageous and secure mobility frameworks, facilitating legal mobility of students and professionals, short-term tourist and business travel, while addressing illegal immigration and human trafficking. To alleviate some concerns, the US Embassy is working to open a limited number of additional student visa appointments through the end of August and is developing a student visa fact sheet with FAQs to reduce uncertainty.
The implications of these developments extend beyond individual student experiences and touch upon broader geopolitical considerations. The fluctuations in visa policies, coupled with increased scrutiny, can impact the attractiveness of the US as a study destination for Indian students. This could potentially lead to a diversification of educational destinations, with students exploring opportunities in other countries such as Canada, the UK, Australia, and Europe. Furthermore, the evolving US visa policies reflect a growing emphasis on national security concerns and the potential for heightened surveillance and monitoring of international students. This raises questions about the balance between security measures and the promotion of academic freedom and international collaboration. The requirement for students to make their social media profiles public also raises privacy concerns and potential for censorship or discrimination based on online activities. It is important to note that while the US government has the sovereign right to set its visa policies, the impact of these policies on international students, particularly those from India, cannot be ignored. The contributions of Indian students to the US economy and academic landscape are significant, and any measures that unduly restrict their access to education or create a climate of fear and uncertainty could have negative consequences for both countries. The need for open communication and dialogue between the Indian and US governments is crucial to address these concerns and find mutually acceptable solutions. This includes ensuring transparency in visa policies, providing clear guidelines for students, and addressing any instances of unfair treatment or discrimination. It also requires a collaborative approach to addressing security concerns without compromising the rights and freedoms of international students. In addition to government-level engagement, there is a role for educational institutions and student organizations to play in supporting Indian students and advocating for their interests. Universities can provide resources and support services to help students navigate the visa process and address any challenges they may face. Student organizations can raise awareness about the issues and advocate for policy changes that protect the rights and interests of international students. The situation also highlights the importance of students being aware of their rights and responsibilities as visa holders. This includes understanding the terms of their visa, adhering to the rules and regulations of their educational institution, and seeking legal advice if they encounter any problems. Students should also be cautious about their online activities and avoid engaging in any behavior that could be interpreted as a violation of US law or a threat to national security.
Looking ahead, the future of Indian students in the US will depend on a variety of factors, including the evolving political climate, the state of US-India relations, and the implementation of new visa policies. It is likely that the US will continue to prioritize national security concerns in its visa adjudication process, but it is also possible that there will be greater efforts to streamline the process and address the concerns of international students. One potential area for improvement is the transparency and predictability of visa policies. Clear and consistent guidelines can help students understand the requirements and avoid any unintentional violations. Improved communication between US authorities and educational institutions can also help to address any misunderstandings or concerns. Another important consideration is the affordability of studying in the US. The cost of tuition, living expenses, and healthcare can be a significant barrier for many Indian students. Efforts to provide scholarships, financial aid, and other forms of support can help to make US education more accessible. Furthermore, the US needs to ensure that its educational institutions are welcoming and inclusive environments for international students. This includes providing cultural sensitivity training for faculty and staff, offering support services for students from diverse backgrounds, and promoting intercultural understanding and collaboration. Ultimately, the success of Indian students in the US will depend on their ability to adapt to a new culture, navigate the challenges of visa requirements, and thrive in their academic pursuits. The Indian government, US authorities, educational institutions, and student organizations all have a role to play in supporting these students and ensuring that they have the opportunity to achieve their full potential. The situation is a dynamic one, requiring constant monitoring and adaptation to new policies and challenges. By working together, stakeholders can ensure that the US remains an attractive and welcoming destination for Indian students, while also addressing legitimate security concerns and promoting a mutually beneficial relationship between the two countries. The continued engagement and advocacy by the Indian government will be crucial in shaping the future of Indian students in the United States. The need for streamlined legal mobility frameworks, proactive efforts to tackle illegal immigration, and ensuring the safety and well-being of Indian students remains paramount.